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Thermal cracking process for upgradation of heavy residue has been used since long and still it is playing an important role in the modern refinery through upgradation of heavy residue and improving the economics of the refinery through the production of lighter distillate and other valuable product like low value fuel gas and petroleum coke.…
In most chemical and biochemical production processes, the desired product (s) from chemical and bioreactors is (are) in a mixture with other components, such as unconverted reactants, by-products and others required for the reaction such as catalysts, and the components of solvent or reaction media. Therefore, separation is needed to attain the products in desired…
In piping-pipeline sector taking things in big picture scenario, we at pertecnica engineering elucidates the very fundamental and industrial steps involved in delivery of any successful piping and pipeline engineering projects. Our training modules provides a detailed projection on pipeline and technical background to the design of pipelines used in the transport of oil and…
In the world of mechanical devices today, most measurements are made by electronic instrumentation, not the crude mechanical devices of the past. Most of these newer devices are actually a modern combination of a mechanical device and electronic sensing element. Many of the measurements a mechanical engineer makes are done with specialized calibrated equipment, but…
A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. In heat exchangers, there are usually no external heat and work interactions. Typical applications involve…
Natural gas and crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide variety of petrochemicals that are in turn used in the manufacture of consumer goods. The description of petrochemical processes and products presented here is for illustrative purposes only. The basic petrochemicals manufactured by cracking, reforming, and…
The thermodynamic study of technological processes has two objectives: Determination of the overall thermal effect of chemical transformations that take place in the industrial process and Determination of the equilibrium composition for a broad range of temperatures and pressures in order to deduce optimum working conditions and performances The manner in which the two objectives…
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a complex, naturally occurring liquid mixture containing mostly hydrocarbons, but containing also some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. It is often referred to as the “black gold.” The elemental composition of petroleum is much less variable than that of coal: 83-87% carbon, 11-16% hydrogen, 0-4% oxygen plus nitrogen, and 0-4%…
Petroleum products are complex mixtures of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds, ranging from light, volatile, short-chained organic compounds to heavy, long-chained, branched compounds. The exact composition of petroleum products varies depending upon (1) the source of the crude oil (crude oil is derived from underground reservoirs which vary greatly in their chemical composition) and (2) the…
Pumps, Valves, Pipelines & Storage tanks Pertecnica Engineering brings world class piping engineer training course for graduate and diploma engineers. Our training on piping explores the qualitative details, techniques with underlying principles in design, materials selection, surveys, construction, commission, inspection, testing, operation and maintenance, reliability, failures and safety as per Standards. Design & Engineering Procurement…